Registros ortodóncicos para la identificación forense: una revisión exploratoria / Orthodontic records for forensic identification: A scoping review

Según la Organización International de Policía Criminal (INTERPOL), el cotejo odontológico es uno de los medios primarios más fiables para la identificación. Sin embargo, necesita de registros adecuados antemortem (AM) para su cotejo con la información postmortem (PM). La ortodoncia y ortopedia dentomaxilofacial (OOD) es una especialidad odontológica que se utiliza para sus fines, procedimientos y dispositivos de controles periódicos, radiografías y fotografías de calidad. Se presenta una revisión con búsqueda sistemática («forensic» AND «identification» AND «orthodontics») en la literatura científica de artículos que reporten casos en los que registros ortodóncicos hayan sido exitosos para la identificación forense. De 11.413 documentos fueron incluidos 9 reportes que respondieron al objetivo de búsqueda. Los registros radiográficos y fotográficos fueron los de mayor calidad y disponibilidad. La información ortodóncica AM es de alta calidad, pero la escasez de reportes muestra una tendencia a que esa información sea infraestimada en la literatura. Debido a que los registros OOD son confiables, debe promoverse el respaldo radiográfico y fotográfico en toda actividad odontológica. Se recomienda reportar estos casos como oportunidades de aprendizaje en el ámbito médico legal. (AU)

According to INTERPOL, dental comparison is one of the most reliable primary means of identification. However, it requires adequate antemortem (AM) records to be compared with postmortem (PM) information. Orthodontics and Dentomaxillofacial Orthopedics (OOD) is a dental specialty that uses procedures and devices with periodic controls and quality imaging for its purposes. A scoping review is presented (“forensic”AND“identification”AND“orthodontics”) in the scientific literature, of cases in which orthodontic records have been successful used for forensic identification. Of 11,413 articles, 9 reports were included that responded to the search objective. Imaging records were the ones with the highest quality and availability. The AM orthodontic data is of high quality, but the scarcity of reports shows a tendency to be underestimated in the literature. Because OOD records are reliable, imaging backup should be promoted in all dental activities. It is recommended to report these cases as learning opportunities in the medical-legal field. (AU)

iDENTIfyme Informative Campaign: Raising Forensic Dental Identification Awareness in the Community.

The identification of human remains can be performed visually through families and next-of-kin, but it is not advisable to rely only on visual recognition; instead, it is preferable to conduct a forensic comparison of antemortem and postmortem data for primary identifiers (fingerprints, DNA, and dental data). A dental autopsy is particularly valuable in the identification process of skeletonized, carbonized, saponified, and fragmented human remains. The principal challenge in the identification process is the search and collection of antemortem data. To this end, all dental information held on a missing person can represent a precious source of individualizing information that families should share with the police or investigating agencies after reporting a disappearance.

Forensic odontology in the 21st century - Identifying the opinions of those behind the teaching.

From the 19th century, society has been aided by Forensic Odontology and the teaching practice has rapidly expanded in the last 30 years. Information about academics and teaching topics can be found in literature but any research has never investigated the basic profile of lecturers by survey. The aim of this study was to explore the lecturers' opinions on teaching the subject in the 21st century and its current standing. Even though the number of forensic dentists is not low worldwide, not all are involved with teaching. A total of 36 dentists (26 males, 10 females) from 19 countries answered to a survey of eight-questions. Results showed a high prevalence of males (84.6% postgraduate) as opposed of 100% of women postgraduate. Forensic 'dental identification', 'overview of forensic dentistry' and 'DVI' were topics widely taught and 'bite mark analysis' was considered the most difficult one. The 'lack of funding' was the greatest limitation (36.1%) followed by 'lack of recognition and case work' (equally 30.6%). Past problems continue to jeopardize this field and forensic dental bodies should formally liaise with universities and dental councils for the complete expansion of it.

Odontología forense: en evolución constante / Forensic dentistry: In constant evolution

No disponible

Role of forensic odontology in the identification of victims of major mass disasters across the world: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Forensic odontology (FO) is regarded in the literature as one of the most reliable and economical scientific methods for victim identification in mass disasters (MDs). The present paper systematically reviews the role of forensic odontologists in various global MDs. METHOD: A comprehensive search of the literature databases (PubMed, Medline, SCOPUS, Web of Science and Google Scholar), along with cross-referencing published peer-reviewed articles, was conducted. The search included full texts, abstracts or titles, had no inclusion year limit (searched until September 2017) and was limited to the English language. Keywords included a combination of 'Forensic odontology', 'Dental records', 'Victim identification', 'Natural mass disaster', 'Criminal mass disaster', 'Accidental mass disaster' and 'Victim disaster'. RESULTS: Of the included disasters (20), 12 (57.14%) were accidental, 5 (23.80%) natural and 3 (19.04%) were criminal. The maximum number of victims was associated with the Japan tsunami (15892), followed by the Thailand tsunami (4280) and the Estonia ferry disaster (852). A total of 23654 victims were reported, of which 20569 (86.96%) were positively identified. Reports from 17 MDs included the use of FO in victim identification [3025 (14.70%) cases]. In addition, 1094 victims (5.31%; from 7 papers) were identified using FO in combination with other methodologies. The highest percentage of victims was identified using FO following the Kentucky air crash (47; 100%), followed by the Newark air crash (38; 76%), the Nepal air crash (10; 71.42%), the France air crash (56; 65.88%), the Australian bushfire (14; 63.63%), and the Estonia ferry disaster (57; 60.63%). CONCLUSION: FO has played a significant role in victim identification in several MDs around the world. The success of FO-based identification is heavily dependent on the availability of ante-mortem records from general dental practitioners. Hence, adequate knowledge about FO and appropriate dental record keeping among general dental practitioners are critical.

Analysis of forensic odontological examinations at the National Forensic Service of Korea from 2011 to 2015.

The National Forensic Service (NFS) of Korea is a government agency responsible for examining and evaluating evidence obtained at crime scenes. The Section of Forensic Odontology of the Medical Examiner's Office conducts forensic odontological analyses of human remains, and mainly criminal cases are handled. In this study, 588 forensic odontological cases referred to NFS during 2011-2015 were analyzed for referral pattern, evidence material, examination criteria, and other factors and were compared with respective data from 2007 to 2010. Majority of the requests were internal (further dental examinations after autopsy) rather than external (direct requests from other agencies such as police departments). Regarding evidence materials, "Teeth" (including teeth and resected jaws) were dominant evidences. Due to the seasonal effects in Korea, the highest number of requests was in September of each year, but the number of requests in April has recently increased. Evidence materials were mostly found in suburban and rural area, especially in mountainous area due to the geographic characteristics of Korea. Regarding specific examinations, profiling, including age estimation, accounted for majority of the requests; this number had increased relative to the findings of a previous study, whereas the number of requests for dental identification and bite mark analysis had decreased. With this analysis, trends in forensic odontology can be observed, and we expect that these trends would be served as a reference for designing study and making training protocol for forensic odontology.

When forensic odontology met biochemistry: Multidisciplinary approach in forensic human identification.

When human remains are found, the priority of the investigation is to ascertain the identity of the deceased. A positive identification is a key factor in providing closure for the family of the deceased; it is also required to issue the death certificate and therefore, to settle legal affairs. Moreover, it is difficult for any forensic investigation involving human remains to be solved without the determination of an identity. Therefore, personal identification is necessary for social, legal and forensic reasons. In the last thirty years forensic odontology has experienced an important transformation, from primarily involving occasional dental identification into a broader role, contributing to the determination of the biological profile. In the same way, "DNA fingerprinting" has evolved not only in terms of improving its technology, but also in its application beyond the "classical": helping with the estimation of sex, age and ancestry. As these two forensic disciplines have developed independently, their pathways have crossed several times through human identification operations, especially the ones that require a multidisciplinary approach. Thus, the aim of this review is to describe the contributions of both forensic odontology and molecular biology/biochemistry to human identification, demonstrating how a multidisciplinary approach can lead to a better and more efficient identification.

Aportes de la odontología legal en la identificación humana: revisión de la literatura / Contributions of forensic dentistry to human identification: a reeview of the literature

El presente trabajo trata acerca de aspectos inherentes a la odontología legal, a fin de difundir la importancia del perito odontólogo en la identificación humana mediante el análisis de estructuras anatómicas del sistema estomatognático. Los dientes –que presentan una elevada resistencia a los agentes externos– son empleados a veces por las víctimas como unarma de defensa ante sus atacantes, o por estos últimos para dominar a las primeras. Dado que los dientes alojan el ADN en su interior, las huellas de mordeduras representan evidencias físicas que pueden permitir identificar a los involucrados en un suceso delictivo. Se mencionan programas informáticos para facilitar la conformación de bases de datos de información odontológica, poniendo énfasis en el correcto registro yarchivo por parte del odontólogo en la práctica clínica para contribuir con el accionar de aquellos colegas que se desempeñan como auxiliares de la Justicia.

Estandarización de prótesis dentales mediante codificación personal incluida en bases termoácido resistentes con fines de identificación forense / Dental prosthesis standarization by means of thermal-acid resistant-included personal code, for forensic identification purposes

La identificación categórica de un cadáver no sólo es importante por razones humanitarias y emocionales, sino también por sus efectos legales y administrativos. Durante el proceso de identificación humana, toda la información necesaria se obtiene del cuerpo desconocido de la víctima, permitiendo cumplir el objetivo de que su perfil sea reconstruido. Se utilizan sistemas de marcado y etiquetado de prótesis dentales en diferentes situaciones, detallándose métodos directos e indirectos para tal fin. Se propone la incorporación del número del documento nacional de identidad (DNI) en todas las prótesis removibles y fijas, con el fin de adoptar un único y definitivo código de identificación personal con el objetivo de lograr un método uniforme, estandarizado, sencillo y rápido para la identificación forense en pacientes atendidos en la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad de Buenos Aires.

The categorical identification of a corpse is not only important for humanitarian and emotional reasons, but also for legal andadministrative purposes. During the human identification process, all necessary information is gathered from the unknown body of thevictim and hence that an objective reconstructed profile can be established. Denture marking and labeling systems are being used in varioussituations, and a number of direct and indirect methods are reported. Is proposed that national identity number (DNI) be incorporated inall removable and fixed prostheses, so as to adopt a single and definitive personal identification code with the aim of achieving a uniform,standardized, easy, and fast identification method in patients treated at the Faculty of Dentistry at the University of Buenos Aires forforensic identification.

Análise morfoestrutural de biomateriais para auxílio no processo de identificação humana / Morphostructural analysis of biomaterials for assistance in the human identification process

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar as alterações de biomateriais restauradores e protéticos submetidos a temperaturas elevadas para o estabelecimento de parâmetros físicos que auxiliem nos casos de identificação humana em corpos carbonizados. A amostra do estudo experimental in vitro foi composta por 40 corpos de prova dividida em quatro grupos: GI (corpos de prova de cimentos de iônomero de vidro químico), GII (amálgamade prata), GIII (resina composta híbrida) e GIV (liga de cobre alumínio). Os corpos de prova foram submetidosa temperaturas de 300°C, 500°C, 700°C e 900°C. Após a incineração, os biomateriais foram submetidos a análises macroscópicas sobre as modificações de estrutura, coloração, forma e estabilidade dimensional e os dados analisados pela Análise de Variância e teste de Dunn (p<0,05). Os dados obtidos demonstraram em relação à radiopacidade uma diferença estatisticamente significante para as médias de densidade radiográfica no GI entre as temperaturas 700°C e 900°C; GIV entre as temperaturas 300°C e 900°C; 500° e 900°C. O GII atingiu seu ponto de fusão à 700ºC com aspecto pulverulento e lojas isoladas de mercúrio a 900°C. O GIII apresentou mudança estrutural nas temperaturas à 700°C e 900°C. No GIV não se constatou modificações relevantes. Assim, pode-se coligir que a resina composta micro hibrida e o amálgama apresentam severas alterações morfoestruturais enquanto o ionômero de vidro e o cobre alumínio não sofrem mudanças significativas em suas características originais. As alterações sofridas pelos materiais fornecem dados relevantes para o auxilio no processo de identificação humana de corpos carbonizados.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes of restorative and prosthetic biomaterials subjected to high temperatures for the establishment of physical parameters that assist in cases of charred bodies in human identification. The sample of the experimental in vitro study was composed by 40 specimens divided into 4 groups: GI (specimens of cements of ionomer of chemical glass), GII(silver amalgam), GIII (hybrid composite resin) and GIV (copper alloy aluminum). The specimens were subjected to temperatures of 300°C, 500°C, 700°C and 900°C. After incineration the biomaterials were submitted macroscopic analysis on changes of structure, color, shape and dimensional stability and all data were analyzed by ANOVA and Dunn’s test (p <0.05). Regarding the radiopacity there was statistically significant difference for the mean radiographic density in GI temperatures within 700°C and 900°C; GIV temperatures within 300°C and 900°C, 500°C and 900°C. The GII has reached its melting point at 700ºC with powdery appearance and isolated stores of mercury at 900°C. The GIIIhad structural change at 700°C and 900°C. In GIV it not observed significant changes. Thus, one cangather that the micro hybrid composite resin and amalgam exhibit severe morpho structural changes while the glass ionomer aluminum and copper does not undergo significant changes in their original characteristics. The changes undergone by materials provide relevant data to aid in the identification process of human bodies charred.

[Old and new ways of personal and victim identification by dental methods. Review of the literature]. / A fogászati személy- és áldozatazonosítás régi és új módszerei. Irodalmi áttekintés.

The aim of this paper was to create a comprehensive literature review on forensic dental methods. This literature review is based on historical and the latest results of the forensic odontology. Thus, this comparative study deals with various methods including certain dental identification methods which are easy to use and do not require advanced technological background. Nowadays, the main reasons for the use of forensic odontology methods are natural disasters, however, their sensitivity depends on the availability of proper dental documentation of the subject/victim. Custom made prostheses offer the most accurate dental identification, which can allow an identification rate of 99.9%. Combination of different methods can also exhibit a high sensitivity (40-99.9%). It seems important that separation of old and novel methods is not recommended. Also, it is important to maintain and upgrade present methods which are capable of identifying one or more subjects/victims in practice. The authors propose several methods which could serve as a base of the new national policy in forensic dental identification and could be used by teams dealing with the identification of disaster victims.

Aproximação facial forense: relação entre as estruturas ósseas e a porção inferior do nariz / Forensic facial approximation: relationship between the bone structure and the inferior portion of the nose

Este trabalho teve o propósito de avaliar a relação entre a cartilagem alar e a abertura piriforme a partir de imagens de tomografia computadorizada cone-beam e a relação do nariz com o padrão esquelético vertical da face. A pesquisa foi realizada com 96 imagens de indivíduos de ambos os sexos (49 masculino e 47 feminino), com idades entre 18 e 65 anos classificados de acordo com sua tipologia facial. Para a realização das marcações e mensurações de interesse foi utilizado o software OsiriX. A tipologia facial foi acessada através de três metodologias: índice facial, ângulo goníaco e proporção entre as alturas faciais. No corte axial da imagem de tomografia computadorizada, foram aferidas quatro grandezas lineares: largura do nariz externo, distância entre as inserções alares, extensão da base da abertura piriforme e máxima largura da abertura piriforme. Todas as grandezas foram mensuradas por dois examinadores em concordância. A análise dos resultados obtidos mostrou que há correlação entre as larguras do nariz externo e da abertura piriforme e entre a base da cavidade nasal e a distância entre as inserções alares. A largura da abertura piriforme aumenta proporcionalmente mais que a do nariz. Além disso, a tipologia facial longa associa-se à largura nasal.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the alar cartilage and the pyriform aperture using cone-beam computed tomography (CT) imaging, and the relationship between the morphology of the nose and the vertical skeletal pattern of the face. 96 images of subjects (49 male and 47 female), aged 18-65 years classified according to the vertical skeletal pattern of the face were used in this study. The OsiriX software was used to measure the structures of interest. The facial pattern was obtained according to three techniques: facial index, gonial angle, and facial proportions. From an axial section of the CT imaging, four measurements were performed: nasal width, distance between the alar insertions, extension of the base of the pyriform aperture and width of the pyriform aperture. All measurements were obtained by two calibrated examiners. There is correlation between the nasal width and the breadth of the pyriform aperture, and between the base of the nasal cavity and the distance between the alar insertions. The width of the pyriform aperture proportionally increases more than the nasal breadth. Furthermore, the long face type is associated with nasal width.

Avance biotecnológico y consecuencias jurídicas de la praxis en las ciencias de la salud / Advances in biotechnology and legal consequences in health practices

Los adelantos biotecnológicos y la tecnociencia en la posmodernidad representan formas de saber, de información y una significativa posesión de poder que alude a la habilidad y sensatez del profesional sumado al problema ético de las relaciones entre los modos aléticos y deónticos. Las consideraciones legales normatizan qué iatrogenia es una lesión o daño que produce la ciencia con su correcto accionar y la mala praxis, un daño provocado por el profesional con su incorrecto accionar. Los conflictos en la sociedad posmoderan son normales, aunque una saturación los vuelve patológicos y provoca un quiebre en el equilibrio de equilibrios. Ese grado de conflictividad insuprimible requiere que surjan y se simplementen mecanismos de regulación para, al menos, minimizarlas. La adecuación de la conducta profesional a los deberes impuestos por el ordenamiento jurídico evitará la judicialización del daño y su violación obligará a la reposición sustitutiva impuesta coercitivamente por la norma jurídica.

Avance biotecnológico y consecuencias jurídicas de la praxis en las ciencias de la salud / Advances in biotechnology and legal consequences in health practices

Los adelantos biotecnológicos y la tecnociencia en la posmodernidad representan formas de saber, de información y una significativa posesión de poder que alude a la habilidad y sensatez del profesional sumado al problema ético de las relaciones entre los modos aléticos y deónticos. Las consideraciones legales normatizan qué iatrogenia es una lesión o daño que produce la ciencia con su correcto accionar y la mala praxis, un daño provocado por el profesional con su incorrecto accionar. Los conflictos en la sociedad posmoderan son normales, aunque una saturación los vuelve patológicos y provoca un quiebre en el equilibrio de equilibrios. Ese grado de conflictividad insuprimible requiere que surjan y se simplementen mecanismos de regulación para, al menos, minimizarlas. La adecuación de la conducta profesional a los deberes impuestos por el ordenamiento jurídico evitará la judicialización del daño y su violación obligará a la reposición sustitutiva impuesta coercitivamente por la norma jurídica.(AU)

Contribuição da odontologia legal para a identificação post-mortem

Uma das áreas de atuação do odontolegista é a identificação humana post-mortem através da utilização de técnicas afeitas à Antropologia Forense. Em muitas situações de mortes violentas, os cadáveres sofrem ação destruidora por agentes físicos...

Aspectos odontolegaisda inserção do cirurgião-dentista no âmbito hospitalar: revista documental

O atendimento interdisciplinar no âmbito hospitalar com a inclusão de cirurgiões-dentistas objetivam, dentre outras variantes, a busca por um perfil de saúde mais completo e qualificado para os pacientes hospitalizados...

Aspectos éticos e legais da publicidade e propaganda em Odontologia

Desde a promulgação do Código de Defesa do Consumidor em 1990, o número de processos contra dentistas tem apresentado um crescimento significativo nos últimos anos...